I want to talk about the US national debt for a second. This chart is from 2023 data.
This chart shows who owns the debt. It's kindof a bummer that it links US individuals and institutions because part of that (the institutions part) is the government owing money to itself which is not really public debt. If you took that fraction and the federal reserve portion it would be about 1/2 of the debt. The rest of it is what we're really talking about when we talk about the US national public debt.
A lot of times people talk about paying interest on the debt as a bad thing, like the interest is just money lost. And to foreign investors you might really consider it money lost, but I would argue that that money is actually buying something. For domestic investors, you're just paying people domestically for lending, and the money you pay them goes right back into the US economy. For example, a lot of seniors hold treasuries and get paid interest on those treasuries to make ends meet in retirement. You can think of this almost like another kind of social security, except to qualify for it you have to give the US government cash instead of labor. One could even argue that this is an important service for the US government to provide to seniors - a stable method of retirement income in exchange for savings.
So what about that third that is owned by foreign investors. That's just our tax dollars getting shipped off outside of our economy right? Let's see who those foreign investors are.
Biggest one is China. No surprise there. But China's holding of US debt immediately gets nullified if we were to go to war with China. So you can think of this as something of a peace fund. China gave us a ton of money in exchange for interest payments. The interest payments have not exceeded our inflation rate recently, so recently we've actually been taking money from China on that exchange. But perhaps under normal circumstances, some portion of the interest exceeds inflation (like it does for seniors) and so some portion of our taxes go to China to compensate for their investment. But again, you can think of that as a peace fund.
Japan owning a bunch of our debt means that some portion of our taxes go to them as well to compensate for their investment, and that might actually be more typical debt in terms of the way people might be thinking about it form a personal finance perspective. We borrowed money from Japan, and we pay interest on that in way that actually does get paid out of the US economy.
When we inflate our money supply, we reduce the US national debt (though it obviously does have other real costs to individual savings accounts, especially seniors on a fixed income). When we borrow money from the American public, we pay interest back into the economy. And when we borrow money from China, it represents a loss to them if they ever attack us.