Yeah, the missiles I mentioned would have the best chance of reaching the airport from outside Iran, but realistically you couldn't use them to fire at such a distance. Even ignoring the range limitations, the missile flight time would be so long that tracking the plane would have had to begun while it was sitting on the ground.
I think it would really only be possible in a Hollywood movie.
Even if the missile had the theoretical range, hitting a stationary target on the ground from 300 miles away is not anywhere close to the same as hitting a moving airplane. The number of times the missile would have to recalculate its flight path as the airplane changed speed, direction, and altitude, would result in it having little to no energy left by the time it flew 300 miles.
A missile large enough to fly 300 miles would be detectable on radar. Again, the Iranians would have pretty solid proof that it was indeed a missile that shot the plane down.
From what I gather, the plane went down roughly 10-15 minutes after it was airborne? Correct me if I’m wrong there. Assuming the missile travelled at an average speed of Mach 2 (complete guess), 1522.41mph, it would take about 18 minutes to travel 466 miles (assuming missile launched from a ship in the Gulf). So yes, radar would have had to start tracking the target while it was on the ground, or immediately after take off. I know there are radars that can spot planes on the ground - it’s something Israel has to deal with all the time, their adversaries know the moment an Israeli jet goes wheels up. I’ve no idea what the range of these kind of radars is though, 300+ miles seems highly unlikely. What would be more likely than ground radar would be an AWACS flying over Iraq, but even there, they might have the ability to see targets 300 miles away against sky, but a target on the ground at 300 miles seems very optimistic.
Then there’s the “why”. Did the Americans just chuck a missile into the furball around Tehran’s international airport and hope to hit something, anything? Or did they target that plane specifically? If they target that flight specifically, you very quickly get into some Jason Borne / Bond type stuff, or 4-chan trolls are picking targets for the US Military (“ya, the Ukrainian one, that’ll really make everyone’s head spin!”).
Operating costs can be a little tricky to pin down too.
Aircraft usually go from expensive when new, to less expensive when mature, and back up to expensive when aging. I wasn't able to find a source comparing the F-35 to the F-15C directly but their costs might actually be pretty similar per flight hour. The F-35's costs are elevated right now because it's immature, they'll go down in the following years. The F-15C on the other hand is aging and requires increased maintenance which brings up its cost. The lower maintenance F-16 is cheaper than the F-35 and will likely always be, but
Lockheed is aiming for a price well below current figures by 2025 (questionable target) or at worst a moderate price decrease by 2024 that looks like it can reasonably be achieved. That's for the A, the B is going to be more expensive.
As far as I know, USAF has retired most of its F-15C fleet. I think there’s one, maybe two Air National Guard squadrons that still fly them, and then a handful are used by the Red Air/Aggressor squadrons for dissimilar airframe BFM/BVR training, and war games.
A more fair comparison would be between the F-35 and an F-15E, or the brand spanking new F-15X (from what I can find, USAF just bought 12 of these for $1.2 billion, or $100 million per unit).