- 3,694
- South Australia
Attention people who know aero! If you see me say anything that isn't scientifically accurate, please correct me! I won't be embarrassed, I'm genuinely trying to wrap my head around this stuff
The topic of aerodynamics has always interested me, and with the few work-free days I had over the holiday period, I decided to look into it more deeply. My end goal was to learn the very basic theory, then design and refine ideas that could potentially be applied to the 300c.
I started by doing some basic research into the theory and the ways that motorsport engineers past and present have learnt to minimise drag (allowing higher top speed, acceleration and fuel economy) and maximise downforce (allowing higher cornering speeds.) With the very basic theory sort've figured out, I downloaded a basic 300c model from the sketchup warehouse, copied it, made a small change, copied it, made a small change, etc, etc, etc. Until I had about 20 different designs incorporating everything from spliters, air dams, side ducts, cannards, diffusers and vortex generators to wide bodies, NASCAR spoilers, roof wings and a couple different basic racing wings. I then purchased a one month license for AutoCAD flow design; (a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) wind tunnel program that costs $50 a month) and got to work.
I'll point out now that Sketchup isn't the perfect program for the editing side, and I am not a physicist or designer. It is however an apples to apples comparison on an advanced CFD program, so I feel the results are fairly indicative of the real world. Tests were carried out on all 20 models with each slight variation looked at carefully. For the sake of my sanity and yours, I've just included the results I found to be most significant and interesting.
Here are some pictures of the standard car, as it was when downloaded from the Sketchup Warehouse. (Created by user 3design.)
I loaded it into Flow design to get some results that could actually teach me something. I decided all tests would be ran at 46 M/S (160kph/100mph) because it's a pretty fair average speed for a race track. These pictures show the 3D air flow from side on, the rear angle (to show circle wake), the front angle (to show pressure on bodywork) and the side in 2D to show pressure around the car. These angles, display methods and settings are consistent in all tests. Drag coefficient of this model was 0.44.
Notice the graphs on the upper left hand side of each image and the velocity and pressure numbers next to it. The colors stay the same from model to model but the numbers they represent do not. (There is slight variation on the three images of each model but it's not significant.) A red zone on this car doesn't necessarily mean the same amount of pressure or velocity as a red on another.
I know this stuff is complicated but i'll do my best to explain it as we go!
These next images are of what I call the NASCAR design. The spoiler on the back was designed exactly to NASCAR regulations, as I figure they work pretty well on the race cars so the idea should carry over. The car also sports a front splitter and air dam with air blocks in front of the front tyres. The fake ducts and foglights on the front have been removed to make a simple flat surface. I then added an inset area which would be the theoretical placement of an intercooler. It's also received a flat floor and rear difuser. Drag coefficient of this model was drastically improved. A fair chunck of that change was achieved by lowering the car and adding the splitter (0.29), then adding the diffuser and air dam (0.25), before adding the NASCAR wing to get it to 0.24. These numbers may not be real-world accurate but it is fair to compare them to each other as apples vs apples.
A few things are obvious when looking at these images compared to the ones of the stock car. The circle wake following the car is far more tight, and tidy, reducing drag. The red zone around the grille of the car is a fair bit smaller and there is a good amount of high pressure on the top face of the front splitter. When combined with the low pressure underneath it, the car is effectively sucked to the ground, producing downforce. Due to the changes at the front, there's a far bigger high pressure zone in front of the car that's visible on the 2D picture. Precisely what effect this has, I am not sure. There is also a significantly higher amount of pressure on the boot, where on the stock car produced negative 717 PA of pressure while the NASCAR wing cuts that to be positive 52 PA, producing a little bit of downforce. The fact that rear end lift can be eliminated with a 4 inch tall flat piece, at a 70* angle (as stated by NASCAR regs) is simply amazing.
This next model is a slight evolution, the car now has front canards, a proper inverted wing with end plates and a small roof spoiler. I was curious if the popular JDM style upgrades that people put on their street cars made a significant difference to the big american sedan. I decided to keep the NASCAR spoiler on this model to see how it interacted with the racing wing.
The yellow visible on the Canards and wing indicate that they're doing their job and producing a good bit of downforce. The swirl in the wake of the car has grown slightly but is still quite tidy when compared to the random styled flow of the stock car. In the 2D image, it's clear that the roof spoiler is doing something. The green section over the boot has grown forward slightly and the pressure of that has moved up slightly. This means even less drag than before. The drag coefficent of this model was 0.23
With things going positively, I decided to step it up a notch. This car shows a skip of about 7 minor adjustments. The car now features a widened front splitter, along with an extra cannard each side that are joined to each other and the splitter with an end plate. The basic intercooler grille is gone, replaced by two functional ducts fed from a slight curve in the bumper. They run through an intercooler, into the front wheel well for brake cooling, then exit out through the fender. The wheel wells and side skirt have been widened to sit flush with the outmost edge of the tyres, to make sure they catch as little air as possible. The back bumper has been cut behind the wheels to allow air out from behind them, which runs over small wings to hopefully generate some downforce. The rear wing is now dual stage and the roof spoiler and NASCAR spoiler are gone, with Evo style vortex generators now lining the rear of the roof. Finally the car has tunnels running from under the car to exit through holes in the boot and over small wings.
There's a few things that jump out straight away. First is the wake which is now quite a bit messier. I put this down to the removal of the NASCAR wing. Next is the increase in red on the front of the car, with my newly designed front section not directing the air quite as I'd hoped. I feel that the slope may need to be removed or made far more severe to have a positive impact. The new dual step canards and wing are receiving pressure as I'd hoped which translates to a good increase in downforce. Worryingly clear on the 2D image is how much negative pressure is above the car. I feel that I need to make significant changes to the front of the car and bring back the NASCAR wing to try and calm this back down. Drag coefficient of this model went up considerably to 0.28.
Thanks for reading folks. I will point out now that this research is genuine and the ambition is to put what is learnt into place on the car. Judging from what's been found so far, that will include a front splitter and NASCAR style wing in the short term. As my understanding grows and the car develops, a full time attack set up (like that last model) definitely isn't out of the question. Unfortunately the CFD program doesn't show a total lift/downforce number (it's the most requested feature on the forum) but the colour zones do give a little bit of an idea.
If anybody with a good understanding of aero can help me expand on exactly what I'm looking at here it would be very much appreciated.
Cheers!
The topic of aerodynamics has always interested me, and with the few work-free days I had over the holiday period, I decided to look into it more deeply. My end goal was to learn the very basic theory, then design and refine ideas that could potentially be applied to the 300c.
I started by doing some basic research into the theory and the ways that motorsport engineers past and present have learnt to minimise drag (allowing higher top speed, acceleration and fuel economy) and maximise downforce (allowing higher cornering speeds.) With the very basic theory sort've figured out, I downloaded a basic 300c model from the sketchup warehouse, copied it, made a small change, copied it, made a small change, etc, etc, etc. Until I had about 20 different designs incorporating everything from spliters, air dams, side ducts, cannards, diffusers and vortex generators to wide bodies, NASCAR spoilers, roof wings and a couple different basic racing wings. I then purchased a one month license for AutoCAD flow design; (a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) wind tunnel program that costs $50 a month) and got to work.
I'll point out now that Sketchup isn't the perfect program for the editing side, and I am not a physicist or designer. It is however an apples to apples comparison on an advanced CFD program, so I feel the results are fairly indicative of the real world. Tests were carried out on all 20 models with each slight variation looked at carefully. For the sake of my sanity and yours, I've just included the results I found to be most significant and interesting.
Here are some pictures of the standard car, as it was when downloaded from the Sketchup Warehouse. (Created by user 3design.)
I loaded it into Flow design to get some results that could actually teach me something. I decided all tests would be ran at 46 M/S (160kph/100mph) because it's a pretty fair average speed for a race track. These pictures show the 3D air flow from side on, the rear angle (to show circle wake), the front angle (to show pressure on bodywork) and the side in 2D to show pressure around the car. These angles, display methods and settings are consistent in all tests. Drag coefficient of this model was 0.44.
Notice the graphs on the upper left hand side of each image and the velocity and pressure numbers next to it. The colors stay the same from model to model but the numbers they represent do not. (There is slight variation on the three images of each model but it's not significant.) A red zone on this car doesn't necessarily mean the same amount of pressure or velocity as a red on another.
I know this stuff is complicated but i'll do my best to explain it as we go!
These next images are of what I call the NASCAR design. The spoiler on the back was designed exactly to NASCAR regulations, as I figure they work pretty well on the race cars so the idea should carry over. The car also sports a front splitter and air dam with air blocks in front of the front tyres. The fake ducts and foglights on the front have been removed to make a simple flat surface. I then added an inset area which would be the theoretical placement of an intercooler. It's also received a flat floor and rear difuser. Drag coefficient of this model was drastically improved. A fair chunck of that change was achieved by lowering the car and adding the splitter (0.29), then adding the diffuser and air dam (0.25), before adding the NASCAR wing to get it to 0.24. These numbers may not be real-world accurate but it is fair to compare them to each other as apples vs apples.
A few things are obvious when looking at these images compared to the ones of the stock car. The circle wake following the car is far more tight, and tidy, reducing drag. The red zone around the grille of the car is a fair bit smaller and there is a good amount of high pressure on the top face of the front splitter. When combined with the low pressure underneath it, the car is effectively sucked to the ground, producing downforce. Due to the changes at the front, there's a far bigger high pressure zone in front of the car that's visible on the 2D picture. Precisely what effect this has, I am not sure. There is also a significantly higher amount of pressure on the boot, where on the stock car produced negative 717 PA of pressure while the NASCAR wing cuts that to be positive 52 PA, producing a little bit of downforce. The fact that rear end lift can be eliminated with a 4 inch tall flat piece, at a 70* angle (as stated by NASCAR regs) is simply amazing.
This next model is a slight evolution, the car now has front canards, a proper inverted wing with end plates and a small roof spoiler. I was curious if the popular JDM style upgrades that people put on their street cars made a significant difference to the big american sedan. I decided to keep the NASCAR spoiler on this model to see how it interacted with the racing wing.
The yellow visible on the Canards and wing indicate that they're doing their job and producing a good bit of downforce. The swirl in the wake of the car has grown slightly but is still quite tidy when compared to the random styled flow of the stock car. In the 2D image, it's clear that the roof spoiler is doing something. The green section over the boot has grown forward slightly and the pressure of that has moved up slightly. This means even less drag than before. The drag coefficent of this model was 0.23
With things going positively, I decided to step it up a notch. This car shows a skip of about 7 minor adjustments. The car now features a widened front splitter, along with an extra cannard each side that are joined to each other and the splitter with an end plate. The basic intercooler grille is gone, replaced by two functional ducts fed from a slight curve in the bumper. They run through an intercooler, into the front wheel well for brake cooling, then exit out through the fender. The wheel wells and side skirt have been widened to sit flush with the outmost edge of the tyres, to make sure they catch as little air as possible. The back bumper has been cut behind the wheels to allow air out from behind them, which runs over small wings to hopefully generate some downforce. The rear wing is now dual stage and the roof spoiler and NASCAR spoiler are gone, with Evo style vortex generators now lining the rear of the roof. Finally the car has tunnels running from under the car to exit through holes in the boot and over small wings.
There's a few things that jump out straight away. First is the wake which is now quite a bit messier. I put this down to the removal of the NASCAR wing. Next is the increase in red on the front of the car, with my newly designed front section not directing the air quite as I'd hoped. I feel that the slope may need to be removed or made far more severe to have a positive impact. The new dual step canards and wing are receiving pressure as I'd hoped which translates to a good increase in downforce. Worryingly clear on the 2D image is how much negative pressure is above the car. I feel that I need to make significant changes to the front of the car and bring back the NASCAR wing to try and calm this back down. Drag coefficient of this model went up considerably to 0.28.
Thanks for reading folks. I will point out now that this research is genuine and the ambition is to put what is learnt into place on the car. Judging from what's been found so far, that will include a front splitter and NASCAR style wing in the short term. As my understanding grows and the car develops, a full time attack set up (like that last model) definitely isn't out of the question. Unfortunately the CFD program doesn't show a total lift/downforce number (it's the most requested feature on the forum) but the colour zones do give a little bit of an idea.
If anybody with a good understanding of aero can help me expand on exactly what I'm looking at here it would be very much appreciated.
Cheers!
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