Danoff
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- Mile High City
I thought those figures only counted the 80M who are paid an hourly wage? In that case the 2017 figures show that 1.8M are on-or-below the federal minimum. It's harder to get data for people who take a salary for a contracted weekly number of hours but it's likely that some of those fall below the minimum hourly rate. That definitely happens in the UK, I know that's not related but the effects are surely the same in many countries.
It happens in the US with (at least) workers that receive tips. In those cases though, the employees are being paid more than the minimum (which is $0). Presumably the tips are good and employees are shopping for venues that offer the best tips.
I got the number from the pewsearch website:
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/04/5-facts-about-the-minimum-wage/
You were correct with the at or below. But you are dicounting a huge procentage that have trouble making a living wage at near the minimum wage (less then 10,10 dollars). And I am confident to say have difficulty to chose where they work on the basis of highest wage offered.
Edit: added data
You still have a relatively large number of employers from which to choose. Low wage jobs tend to be fairly fungible. It's the kind of scenario (like I described before) where many people are qualified and employers can pick from the ones who will take the least pay. In those types of jobs, qualifications are inherently minimal, which means that there is a lot of employee movement. It can actually be harder to shop among prospective employers when you get specialized. How many employers need a PhD in spacecraft navigation vs. employers who need someone that knows how to work a cash register. Employees at the low end are very mobile, and shop employers all the time. The problem is that the employers have less incentive to pay them because there are so many people and they're willing to work for fairly little.
To really get wages to jump up you need a small pool of people who are highly specialized in an area that everyone needs. Artificial intelligence is probably such an area today.