Direct mention of Jesus in non-Christian writings, except as third- or fourth-hand accounts.
Possibly court records of his trial.
The usual.
Typically, it will be difficult to prove or disprove the exact teachings, so settling for clear historical record of the man outside of Christian lore is, at least, a start.
While all of that is a start, it doesn't answer the question.
If we're talking about major influences on culture, we start to look at culture as a whole, and not centered around Western Europe... the Chinese would have something to say to you about time frames.
Europe was the specific territory mentioned for reasons already discussed.
Likewise a myriad of influences contributed to that regions developement over the last 1500 or so years.
However Christianity can easily be judged the most influential over that time frame.
No. There is only logical and illogical. There are people who use logic, and people who use faulty logic. I am fully aware that people use faulty reasoning. It's part of my job to correct that.
If both people are using logic but arrive at different conclusions, then one is starting from faulty axioms.
According to a whole lot of people. Including Christ.
Yes and according to Christ the only non faulty axioms, are in him and God the Father.
Confucius predates Christ. By quite a few centuries.
It is perfectly possible to derive the Golden Rule without the concept of God.
Unless he borrowed from Jesus retroactively?
Possibly as you say, but in reality it was established through claimed higher authority.
You cannot call an argument logical and then say it wasn't the result of logic. Sorry. You don't get to redefine words at whim.
As I've said, logic is a process, and either the process is correct or faulty.
If you want to assume man is perfect in his actions, judgements, and interpretations of
what is logical and what isn't.
Sorry, but that's easily proven an illogical assumption.
And therein is the big question.
Who decides what is correct and what is faulty?
Again without the higher authority aspect, it is subject to man's interpretation.
Which will put you back to different brand's of logic, and not higher based absolutes upon which to determine the faulty axiom.
What you are failing to recognize, is logic is subject to and totally dependant on interpretation, and who is doing the interpreting.
And even then, even if the process is correct, if the axioms are both unproveable and untrue, then the whole line of reasoning is suspect.
Of course, slavery is incompatible with Christian principles, in general, but it isn't incompatible with Hebraic principles, which is why it isn't mentioned in the Commandments.
People rationalize this as being: Slavery was different then... well... yes and no. There were those who were debt slaves (which isn't much different from sweatshop slaves today), but indentured and forced slavery was still rampant at that time.
If Christian values are incompatible with slavery, with polygamy, and with a number of things mentioned in the Bible, what then, makes the Bible an immutable source of God's word?
A perfect God would get the message right, the first time out, without a need to correct or alter it with a New Deal.
Again I believe you are failing to consider the possibility that "getting it right" is a process, that must work within the parameters of Dominion and autonomy.
Likewise "getting it right the first time" is the process for us, not God.
BTW he did get it right the first time, but we didn't.
So now we are still in the process, wherein each person shall determine their own course, or fate if you will and choose between God's axioms or some other.