Islam is based on two fundamental parts. The first is the Qur'an, which is the word of God. It is split into three sections, with 30 volumes, 114 chapters, in two eras (Makkan and Madyan) and was revealed over the course of 23 years or so. The order it is read in (Starting with "Al Fatiha" - The Opening, and ending with "An Naas" - The Mankind) in the Mushraf (this is what a physical copy of the Quraan is referred to) is not the order the Quraan was revealed but an order that was given to Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel. The first revealation in the cave on the mountain of Hira is actually one of the last chapters in the Quraan as it is in physical form.
Now the 30 volumes of the quraan do not really matter so much, it is more for reading, but the timing of the chapters revealations (and some were not revealed altogether) and where they were revealed is the key to understanding the Qur'an. Shem, you said it yourself when you put out the fact (and this is a fact) that there are parts of the Qur'an that talk about war, and conquest and rule. No doubt about it. But like I said, it is the situation, the time and place that the verses came out. But how does a Muslim understand that part? See if you wanted to give Islam a, shall we say a critisism, it is that it is not just a religion but more of a way of life. And this is where the problem comes about in todays world. Because it is a way of life in many ways the questions arise about the letter of the Qur'an and how is it that Muslim scholars can ignore it, whilst others follow it to the letter and end up using the Qur'an to go about killing and bombing etc, what I am going to refer to in post (lecture, rant, rave?) as "terrorism" or maybe "Islamic terrorism" if I need to specifically differentiate, but we can talk about that later. For us to understand that we need to start looking at the Qur'an in more depth, starting with the two eras.
Era One is the Makkan period. The chapters/verses that are dated to this time are mostly calls to Islam. Era Two is the Madyan period and these is more where rules and regulations came about. This is not to say one or the other period did not have aspects of the other in it.
The three parts of the Qur'an are roughly translated to be "Oneness", "Laws and By-laws" and "Stories". The Oneness verses you can guess are exactly that. They reinforce the worship of one God, and ascribing no partners to him. This third of the Qur'an is actually perfectly highlighted in Chapter 112, titled "Ikhlaas" - Oneness. But I won't start providing any explanation for that very short chapter because it is very simple in understanding and thank goodness is cannot be interpreted in any other way than it is.
"Laws and By-laws" appear in many places in the Qur'an, but more so in the Madyan chapters. We need to come back to these, because these are the parts of the Qur'an that are often twisted or used.
"Stories" is pretty self explanatory. Story of Moses and the Pharoh, Mary the mother of Jesus, Adam and Satan, Noah's Ark, Jonah and the Whale etc etc.
So now we have worked out what the Qur'an contains roughly. Next we need to look at the second fundamental part of Islam: the Hadith. The Hadith are a collection of narrations which highlight the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. This is how a Muslim learns how to practise his religion. In a nutshell, the Qur'an is the guide, the Prophet (and indeed Prophets BEFORE Muhammad, as shown in the Qur'an itself) are the role models. We look at the Hadith in 4 categories. "Strong", "Good", "Weak", "Fabricated". This is something that the Western media/political figures (note I am not saying the people, and most certainly not pointing at all of the media or political figures) often misses out, which is what we need to make clear. Amazingly, the one that was mentioned just a couple of posts ago about the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and Zainab, who was originally the wife of the adopted child of the Prophet (which again I am not going to explain for otherwise this post will not be finished for the next week, but the video in my previous post will explain that if you have seven minutes).
So now we have got the Qur'an and we have the Hadith, which forms the guide for a Muslim. Then we have "Sunni and Shia" (and other, much smaller groups) but that is something I may touch on later. I am going to focus more on the Sunni side, simply because my knowledge of Shia Islam is far far more limited than Sunni Islam, sadly. Time to now break it down to what we call the "Fiqh", which is where we get to the different "Schools of thought". There are 4 primary schools of thought that are agreed upon in Islam. "Hanafi", "Shafi", "Humbali", "Maliki". The leaders of these schools of thought are known as the four great Imams of Islam, and all four schools follow the same fundamental principles, with the differences occurring lower down in the more trivial matters. An example of this is the rulings regarding the shortening of prayer, or the way one should fold their hands when praying. And there is some differences of opinions on how the Hadith (particularly the "good" or "weak" ones). I myself am a Sunni Muslim, following the Hanafi school of thought. Does that mean I believe the other schools of thought are incorrect? Not at all. You see, the idea of different interpretations of Islam IS allowed within certain limitations. Am I saying ISIS is a valid interpretation of Islam? Oh gosh, no. Am I saying that a Muslim who prays his/her prayer in a slightly different way incorrect in Islam? No. If they follow a particular school of thought, that is what they should follow. But let's make clear that these schools of thought are established centuries ago. Not new creations. For example, Abu Hanifa (the father of the Hanafi school of thought, who is also considered the great imam in some parts of Shia Islam) was actually the teacher of Imam Shafi (father of the Shafi school of thought). The idea behind the different schools of thought was the areas they were in. There was no fighting between them, and the followers of any of them were not meant to be slated by any other Muslim. All those schools of thoughts are valid and correct, something that again the west likes to play on at times.
Now we have a rough (because I am not an expert) explanation of how Islam works. Time for us to start looking at what the media like to play upon.
I want to start with that verse 2:190, 2:191 and 2:192:
"Fight in the cause of God those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for God does not love transgressors"
"And fight them wherever you catch them, and turn them out from where they turned you out, for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter; but do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque, unless they fight you there; but if they fight you, fight them. Such is the rewards of those who supress faith."
"But if they cease, God is the most forgiving, most merciful"
Immediately we can see from this that with the verse before and after it, the actual verse in between (which is the one quoted usually alongside "Islam - A religion of hate" or something of the sort) has far more meaning around it than it seems. These particular verses (and nobody can deny the verses clearly state mortal fighting. The word "kitaal" (which is the Arabic word for wounding with intent to kill by the way, not Jihad as it seems to have been made to be) is used in these three verses EIGHT times. So we have the clear instruction of the Qur'an here, and if we left it at that then the media is right, Islam is a warlike religion with the Qur'an itself saying to kill people. But, unlike parts of the media, we cannot leave it just there because we're not sensationalists and we do not have to sell a story. So we need to further explore this circumstance of these verses.
These verses are from the time of a treaty being struck called the Treaty of Hudaybiyah. This treaty was in simple terms the conditions which allowed the Muslims to visit Makkah from Madinah to perform the pilgrimage. One of the treaty points was about no fighting between the Muslims and the Quraish, but there was a very tense sense of mistrust between the two communities. As such, many of the Muslims were asking what they could do if they were attacked, with regards to the treaty. So the verse was revealed that if they fight you then you fight them back but NOT a step more than they fight you. The instruction was clear that only if they attacked first. And then the next verse was explaining what was happening. So if they were trying to kill you then the Muslims were to kill them. Take the next verse now; the moment they stopped the Muslims were to also stop. Three verses, all related to one incident in which the circumstances do not exist, and have not existed for a good 1400 years or so. We're starting to understand a little more about the Qur'an now than we did before from the media.