I stopped reading at the top of page 6, but would like to address the penalty for going off track, while not effecting anyone else.
Since
@Matty28 has noted that "in the real world" no one gets a penalty for leaving track...
Real world risks and time penalties for going off track are as follows...
Damaged splitter... effecting the entirety of the remaining race, unless a pit for a nose replacement.
Damaged undertray... effecting the entirety of the remaining race, no pit can fix this, potential race end'r.
Damaged diffuser... effecting the entirety of the remaining race, no pit can fix this, potential race end'r.
Burp air from the tires... effecting the entirety of the remaining race, unless a pit stop for tire change.
Flat tire... requiring a pit for tire change, unless the tire de-laminates on the way to the pit, then, you'll need body work as well.
Punctured tire... requiring a pit for tire change, unless the tire de-laminates on the way to the pit, then, you'll need body work as well.
Cut tire... requiring a pit for tire change, unless the tire de-laminates on the way to the pit, then, you'll need body work as well.
Bent wheel... requiring a pit for tire change, unless the tire over heats, blows, and de-laminates on the way to the pit, then, you'll need body work as well.
Broken wheel... race ending, cannot make it back to the pit.
Bent tie rod... effecting the entirety of the remaining race, takes too long to replace, so, deal with it.
Broken tie rod... race ending, cannot make it back to the pit.
Grass in the radiator... potential engine failure, race termination, or, pit to have it cleaned out.
Grass in the brake ducts... potentially a life/death situation, pit it to have it cleaned out, if you boil the fluid getting to the pit, bleed the system.
Punctured or torn brake line... potentially a life/death situation... will destroy the race due to time in pits to repair/bleed the brakes.
The above are some of the risks of going off track in real life.
Now, do we really want to talk about running into walls and whatnot?
I think the time penalty is easier to deal with myself.