Ok, I just finished EVERYTHING for the thieves guild now. The string of missions to begin with are pretty straightforward, but to earn the regenerating gold chest and master thieves guild armor, you have to do some extra stuff after.
Once you finish the main quest line you need to complete 5 extra jobs in 4 cities
These cities are: Whiterun, Solitude, Markarth, and Windhelm.
It is random as to which cities they assign these small extra jobs in, so if you don't get the city you need, simply walk back up to the quest giver, quit the quest, and get another one, repeat until it is in the correct city.
They will try to give you jobs in Riften as well. You still earn the coin for doing these jobs, but they do nothing to advance you towards any of these "special jobs". As you'll be doing 20 of these extra jobs at minimum, you probably don't want to do any unnecessary ones...so skip the Riften jobs.
Anyway, after you complete 5 jobs in each city, Delvin will give you a Special Job for that city (Again, just Marakarth,Whiterun,Windhelm,Solitude) once you complete all 4 of these Special Jobs you are finally done with the Thieves Guild, become recognized as the head, and reap your rewards.
Remember, this is all in addition to completing the quite lengthy Thieves Guild main quest line. It takes forever, but it's worth it.
PS. Avoid the bedlam jobs...they take a lot longer than any of the others. It seems that you can complete any 5 jobs in each city too, it doesn't have to be one of each type or anything. So unless you're a masochist or something, avoid the bedlam jobs.
I just figured I'd write this up for anybody else trying Thieves Guild...it is honestly very confusing with the extra jobs.